Led On Line
Presentazione - About us
Novita' - What's new
E-Journals
E-books
Lededizioni Home Page Ricerca - Search
Catalogo - Catalogue
Per contattarci - Contacts
Per gli Autori - For the Authors
Statistiche - Statistics
Cookie Policy
Privacy Policy

How Teachers Feel Good: The Role of Teachers’ Mindfulness, Self-efficacy and Implicit Attitudes towards Ethnic Minority Students in Their Feelings of Burnout

Sara Costa, Sabine Glock, Sabine Pirchio

Abstract


COME GLI INSEGNANTI SI SENTONO BENE: IL RUOLO DELLA MINDFULNESS, DELL’AUTOEFFICACIA E DEGLI ATTEGGIAMENTI IMPLICITI DEGLI INSEGNANTI
VERSO GLI STUDENTI CON BACKGROUND ETNICO MINORITARIO, NELLA LORO SENSAZIONE DI BURNOUT

Abstract

Burnout is a complex syndrome, and decades of research have established that teaching is a stressful profession. New evidence suggests that teachers’ ethnic prejudice and attitudes might help to explain teachers’ burnout related to ethnic diversity. On the other hand, factors such as self-efficacy and mindfulness are known to play a protective role for burnout, but to date it is not known how they are related to implicit attitudes and prejudice as well. In this study, we aim to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying the development of burnout in teachers and pre-service teachers, investigating the role of ethnic prejudice, implicit ethnic attitudes, perceived self-efficacy and mindfulness. Our results show that self-efficacy and mindfulness are negatively correlated with teacher burnout and that mindfulness moderates the relationship between implicit ethnic attitudes and burnout. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.


Keywords


Implicit attitudes; Mindfulness; Teacher burnout; Teacher self-efficacy; Atteggiamenti impliciti; Autoefficacia

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abenavoli, R.M., Jennings, P.A., Greenberg, M.T., Harris, A.R., & Katz, D.A. (2013). The protective effects of mindfulness against burnout among educators. Pyschology of Education Review, 37(2), 57-69.

https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsper.2013.37.2.57

Akrami, N., Ekehammar, B., & Araya, T. (2000). Classical and modern racial prejudice: A study of attitudes toward immigrants in Sweden. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(4), 521-532.

https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0992(200007/08)30:4<521::AID-EJSP5>3.0.CO;2-N

Amitai, A., Vervaet, R., & Van Houtte, M. (2020). When teachers experience burnout: Does a multi-ethnic student population put out or spark teachers' fire? Pedagogische Studien, 97(2), 125-145.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W.H. Freeman.

Banks, J.A. (2004). Handbook of research on multicultural education, Vol. 2. Ed. by C.A.M. Banks. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Bardach, L., Klassen, R.M., & Perry, N.E. (2021). Teachers' psychological characteristics: Do they matter for teacher effectiveness, teachers' well-being, retention, and interpersonal relations? An integrative review. Educational Psychology Review, 34(1), 259-300.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09614-9

Betoret, F.D. (2009). Self-efficacy, school resources, job stressors and burnout among Spanish primary and secondary school teachers: A structural equation approach. Educational Psychology, 29(1), 45-68.

https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410802459234

Biasci, V., Domenici, G., Capobianco, R., & Patrizi, N. (2014). Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (Scala sull'Auto-Efficacia del Docente - SAED): adattamento e validazione in Italia. Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS), 10, 485-509.

https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2014-010-bias

Bishop, S.R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N.D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z.V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., & Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 230-241.

https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077

Brown, K.W., Ryan, R.M., & Creswell, J.D. (2007). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry, 18(4), 211-237.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400701598298

Castiglione, C., Rampullo, A., & Giovinco, C. (2017). Self-representations, burnout syndrome, and job satistaction among correctional officiers. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology (TPM), 24(4), 571-581.

https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM24.4.7

Chang, M.L. (2009). An appraisal perspective of teacher burnout: Examining the emotional work of teachers. Educational Psychology Review, 21(3), 193-218.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-009-9106-y

https://doi.org/10.1007/S10648-009-9106-Y/TABLES/1

Costa, S., Langher, V., & Pirchio, S. (2021). Teachers' implicit attitudes toward ethnic minority students: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 712356.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.712356

Costa, S., Pirchio, S., & Glock, S. (2022). Teachers' and preservice teachers' implicit attitudes toward ethnic minority students and implicit expectations of their academic performance. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 89, 56-62.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.05.006

Costa, S., Pirchio, S., Shevchuk, A., & Glock, S. (2023). Does teachers' ethnic bias stress them out? The role of teachers' implicit attitudes toward and expectations of ethnic minority students in teachers' burnout. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 93, 101757.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2023.101757

de Carvalho, J.S., Oliveira, S., Roberto, M.S., Gonçalves, C., Bárbara, J.M., de Castro, A.F., Pereira, R., Franco, M., Cadima, J., Leal, T., Lemos, M.S., & Marques-Pinto, A. (2021). Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention for teachers: A study on teacher and student outcomes. Mindfulness, 12(7), 1719-1732.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01635-3

Dellinger, A.B., Bobbett, J.J., Olivier, D.F., & Ellett, C.D. (2008). Measuring teachers' self-efficacy beliefs: Development and use of the TEBS-Self. Teaching and Teacher Education, 24(3), 751-766.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2007.02.010

Devine, P.G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(1), 5-18.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5

Dovidio, J.F., Kawakami, K., Smoak, N., & Gaertner, S.L. (2008). The nature of contemporary racial prejudice: Insight from implicit and explicit measures of attitudes. In Attitudes (pp. 185-212). Psychology Press.

Dubbeld, A., de Hoog, N., den Brok, P., & de Laat, M. (2019). Teachers' multicultural attitudes and perceptions of school policy and school climate in relation to burnout. Intercultural Education, 30(6), 599-617.

https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2018.1538042

Eagly, A.H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Enzmann, D., & Kleiber, D. (1989). Aiders-suffering: Stress and burnout in psycho-social occupations. Heidelberg: Asanger.

Fabbro, A., Fabbro, F., Capurso, V., D'Antoni, F., & Crescentini, C. (2020). Effects of mindfulness training on school teachers' self-reported personality traits as well as stress and burnout levels. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 127(3), 515-532.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512520908708

Feldman, G., Hayes, A., Kumar, S., Greeson, J., & Laurenceau, J.P. (2007). Mindfulness and emotion regulation: The development and initial validation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised (CAMS-R). Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(3), 177-190.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-006-9035-8

Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503620766

Fredrickson, B.L., Cohn, M.A., Coffey, K.A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S.M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045.

https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262

Freeman, D.J., Brookhart, S.M., & Loadman, W.E. (1999). Realities of teaching in racially/ethnically diverse schools: Feedback from entry-level teachers. Urban Education, 34(1), 89-114.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085999341006

Gattino, S., Miglietta, A., & Testa, S. (2011). The Akrami, Ekehammar, and Araya's Classical and Modern Racial Prejudice Scale in the Italian context. Tpm, 18(1), 31-47.

http://www.tpmap.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/18.1.3.pdf

Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692-731.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692

Glock, S., & Kleen, H. (2019). Implicit and explicit measures of teaching self-efficacy and their relation to cultural heterogeneity: Differences between preservice and in-service teachers. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 19(S1), 24-35.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-3802.12475

Glock, S., & Kleen, H. (2020). Preservice teachers' attitudes, attributions, and stereotypes: Exploring the disadvantages of students from families with low socioeconomic status. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67, 100929.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100929

Glock, S., Kleen, H., & Morgenroth, S. (2019). Stress among teachers: Exploring the role of cultural diversity in schools. Journal of Experimental Education, 87(4), 696-713.

https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2019.1574700

Glock, S., Kovacs, C., & Pit-ten Cate, I.M. (2018). Teachers' attitudes towards ethnic minority students: Effects of schools' cultural diversity. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(4), 616-634.

https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12248

Greenwald, A.G., Mcghee, D.E., & Schwartz, J.L.K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1480.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464

Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A., & Banaji, M.R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197

Gutentag, T., Horenczyk, G., & Tatar, M. (2018). Teachers' approaches toward cultural diversity predict diversity-related burnout and self-efficacy. Journal of Teacher Education, 69(4), 408-419.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487117714244

Hayes, A.F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. White paper.

http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf

Hirshberg, M.J., Flook, L., Moss, E., Enright, R.D., & Davidson, R.J. (2022). Integrating mindfulness and connection practices into preservice teacher education results in durable automatic race bias reductions. Journal of School Psychology, 91, 50-64.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2021.12.002

Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Nosek, B.A., & Schmitt, M. (2005). What moderates implicit-explicit consistency? European Review of Social Psychology, 16(1), 335-390.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10463280500443228

Hunsinger, M., Livingston, R., & Isbell, L. (2014). Spirituality and intergroup harmony: Meditation and racial prejudice. Mindfulness, 5, 139-144.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0159-5

Hwang, Y.S., Bartlett, B., Greben, M., & Hand, K. (2017). A systematic review of mindfulness interventions for in-service teachers: A tool to enhance teacher wellbeing and performance. Teaching and Teacher Education, 64(1), 26-42.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.01.015

Jennings, P.A., & Greenberg, M.T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: Teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79(1), 491-525.

https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325693

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom ofyour mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell.

Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.

Kang, Y., Gray, J.R., & Dovidio, J.F. (2015). The head and the heart: Effects of understanding and experiencing lovingkindness on attitudes toward the self and others. Mindfulness, 6(5), 1063-1070.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-014-0355-6

Karpinski, A., & Steinman, R.B. (2006). The single category implicit association test as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 16-32.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.16

Klingbeil, D.A., & Renshaw, T.L. (2018). Mindfulness-based interventions for teachers: A meta-analysis of the emerging evidence base. School Psychology Quarterly, 33(4), 501-511.

https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000291

Loonstra, B., Brouwers, A., & Tomic, W. (2009). Feelings of existential fulfilment and burnout among secondary school teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(5), 752-757.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2009.01.002

Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015). Mindfulness meditation reduces implicit age and race bias: The role of reduced automaticity of responding. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(3), 284-291.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614559651

Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2016). Brief mindfulness meditation reduces discrimination. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3(1), 34-44.

https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000081

Madigan, D.J., & Kim, L.E. (2021). Does teacher burnout affect students? A systematic review of its association with academic achievement and student-reported outcomes. International Journal of Educational Research, 105, 101714.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101714

Martin, D. (2016). Package «IAT»: Cleaning and visualizing Implicit Association Test (IAT) data description.

https://cran.r-project.org/package=IAT

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S.E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.

https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205

Miles, J. (2014). Tolerance and variance inflation factor. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118445112.stat06593

Nicol, A.A.M., & De France, K. (2018). Mindfulness: Relations with prejudice, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism. Mindfulness, 9(6), 1916-1930.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0938-8

Olson, M.A., & Fazio, R.H. (2009). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R.E. Petty, R.H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 16-63). New York: Psychology Press.

Ostafin, B.D., & Kassman, K.T. (2012). Stepping out of history: Mindfulness improves insight problem solving. Consciousness and Cognition, 21(2), 1031-1036.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.02.014

Payne, B.K., Burkley, M.A., & Stokes, M.B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The Role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16-31.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16

Pfitzner-Eden, F., Thiel, F., & Horsley, J. (2014). An adapted measure of teacher self-efficacy for preservice teachers: Exploring its validity across two countries. Zeitschrift Für Pädagogische Psychologie, 28(3), 83-92.

https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000125

Pitten Cate, I.M., & Glock, S. (2019). Teachers' implicit attitudes toward students from different social groups: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2832.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02832

Prewett, S.L., & Whitney, S.D. (2021). The relationship between teachers' teaching self-efficacy and negative affect on eighth grade U.S. students' reading and math achievement. Teacher Development, 25(1), 1-17.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13664530.2020.1850514

Ramsey, A.T., & Jones, E.E. (2015). Minding the interpersonal gap: Mindfulness-based interventions in the prevention of ostracism. Consciousness and Cognition, 31, 24-34.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2014.10.003

Renzulli, L.A., Parrott, H.M., & Beattie, I.R. (2011). Racial mismatch and school type: Teacher satisfaction and retention in charter and traditional public schools. Sociology of Education, 84(1), 23-48.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040710392720

Römer, J., Appel, J., Drews, F., & Rauin, U. (2012). Burnout-Risiko von Lehramts- und Jurastudierenden der Anfangssemester [Burnout risk among preservice teachers and law students in their first semesters]. Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, 7(3), 203-208.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11553-012-0345-2

Rupprecht, S., Paulus, P., & Walach, H. (2017). Mind the teachers! The impact of mindfulness training on self-regulation and classroom performance in a sample of German school teacher. European Journal of Educational Research, 6(4), 565-581.

https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.6.4.565

Schwarzer, R., & Hallum, S. (2008). Perceived teacher self-efficacy as a predictor of job stress and burnout: Mediation analyses. Applied Psychology, 57(S1), 152-171.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00359.x

Sirigatti, S., Stefanile, C., & Menoni, E. (1988). Per un adattamento italiano del Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata (BPA), 187-188, 33-39.

Skaalvik, E.M., & Skaalvik, S. (2007). Dimensions of teacher self-efficacy and relations with strain factors, perceived collective teacher efficacy, and teacher burnout. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(3), 611-625.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.3.611

Skaalvik, E.M., & Skaalvik, S. (2017). Dimensions of teacher burnout: Relations with potential stressors at school. Social Psychology of Education, 20(4), 775-790.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-017-9391-0

Sokal, L.J., Trudel, L.G.E., & Babb, J.C. (2020). Supporting teachers in times of change: The job demands-resources model and teacher burnout during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(2), 67.

https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v3i2.4931

Sun, J., Wang, Y., Wan, Q., & Huang, Z. (2019). Mindfulness and special education teachers' burnout: The serial multiple mediation effects of self-acceptance and perceived stress. Social Behavior and Personality, 47(11).

https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.8656

Tatar, M., & Horenczyk, G. (2003). Diversity-related burnout among teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19(4), 397-408.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(03)00024-6

Thijs, J., Westhof, S., & Koomen, H. (2012). Ethnic incongruence and the student-teacher relationship: The perspective of ethnic majority teachers. Journal of School Psychology, 50(2), 257-273.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.09.004

Tschannen-Moran, M., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2001). Teacher efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(7), 783-805.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(01)00036-1

Veneziani, C. A., & Voci, A. (2015). The Italian adaptation of the Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology (TPM), 22(1), 43-52.

https://doi.org/10.4473/TPM22.1.4




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2024-029-cost

Copyright (©) 2024 Sara Costa, Sabine Glock, Sabine Pirchio – Editorial format and Graphical layout: copyright (©) LED Edizioni Universitarie

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

 


Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS)
Registered by Tribunale di Milano (19/05/2010 n. 278)
Online ISSN 2037-7924 - Print ISSN 2037-7932

Research Laboratory on Didactics and Evaluation - Department of Education - "Roma Tre" University


Executive Editor: Gaetano Domenici - Associate Executive Editor & Managing  Editor: Valeria Biasci
Editorial Board: Eleftheria Argyropoulou - Massimo Baldacci - Joao Barroso - Richard Bates - Christofer Bezzina - Paolo Bonaiuto - Lucia Boncori - Pietro Boscolo - Sara Bubb  - Carlo Felice Casula - Jean-Émile Charlier - Lucia Chiappetta Cajola - Carmela Covato - Jean-Louis Derouet - Peter Early - Franco Frabboni - Constance Katz - James Levin - Pietro Lucisano  - Roberto Maragliano - Romuald Normand - Michael Osborne - Donatella Palomba - Michele Pellerey - Clotilde Pontecorvo - Vitaly V. Rubtzov - Jaap Scheerens - Noah W. Sobe - Francesco Susi - Giuseppe Spadafora - Pat Thomson
Editorial Staff: Fabio Alivernini - Guido Benvenuto - Anna Maria Ciraci - Massimiliano Fiorucci - Luca Mallia - Massimo Margottini - Giovanni Moretti - Carla Roverselli 
Editorial Secretary:
Nazarena Patrizi 


Referee List


© 2001 LED Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto