Usi intelligenti dell’intelligenza artificiale. Il man-with-the-machine learning
Abstract
INTELLIGENT USES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. THE MAN-WITH-THE-MACHINE LEARNING
Abstract
The use of artificial intelligence systems capable of conversing in natural language with humans and responding to precise inquiries by leveraging a network-powered knowledge base (chatbots) is also expanding into the educational field, suggesting new possibilities and risks. This paper aims to present some reflections on the use of machines for teaching and their evolution into intelligent tutoring systems, outlining the possibilities and risks of a machine-driven and a human-driven learning/teaching interaction. The reflections focus on possible principles and methods to establish effective learning/teaching relationships that can enhance the peculiar aspects of human intelligence and empower them with the help of machine «intelligence». The «man-with-the-machine learning» perspective defines and promotes ways of synergistic interaction between the two types of intelligence – deeply and structurally different – showing how they can act together and complement each other.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Anderson, J.R. (2009). Cognitive psychology and its implications (7th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
Anderson, J.R., Boyle, C.F., Corbett, A.T., & Lewis, M.W. (1990). Cognitive modeling and intelligent tutoring. Artificial Intelligence, 42(1), 7-49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90093-F
Beck, J., Stern, M., & Haugsjaa, E. (1996). Applications of AI in education. XRDS Crossroads: The ACM (Association for Computing Machiner) Magazine for Students, 3, 11-15.
https://doi.org/10.1145/332148.332153
Bloom, B. (1984). The 2 sigma problem: The search for methods of group instruction as effective as one-to-one tutoring. Educational Researcher, 13, 3-16.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X013006004
D'Mello, S.K., Graesser, A., & King, B. (2010). Toward spoken human-computer tutorial dialogues. Human-Computer Interaction, 25(4), 289-323.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2010.499850
Graesser, A.C., Hu, X., & Sottilare, R. (2018). Intelligent tutoring systems. In F. Fischer, C.E. Hmelo-Silver, S.R. Goldman, & P. Reimann (Eds.), International handbook of the learning sciences. New York: Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315617572-24
Graesser, A.C., Rus, V., & Hu, X. (2017). Instruction based on tutoring. In R.E. Mayer & P.A. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of research on learning and instruction. New York: Routledge.
Hoc, J.M. (2000). From human-machine interaction to human-machine cooperation. Ergonomics, 43(7), 833-843.
https://doi.org/10.1080/001401300409044
Hwang, G.J., & Tu, Y.F. (2021). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A bibliometric mapping analysis and systematic review. MDPI Mathematics, 9(6, March), 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.3390/math9060584
Hwang, G.J., Xie, H., Wah, B.W., & Gasevic, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001
Kulik, J.A., & Fletcher, J.D. (2016). Effectiveness of intelligent tutoring systems: A metaanalytic review. Review of Educational Research, 86(1), 42-78.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315581420
Le, C.V., Pardos, Z.A., Meyer, S.D., & Thorp, R. (2018). Communication at scale in a MOOC using predictive engagement analytics. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education (pp. 239-252). Cham: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93843-1_18
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M.L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C.E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence - August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12-14.
Memarian, B., & Doleck, T. (2024). A review of assessment for learning with artificial intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 2(1), 100040.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbah.2023.100040
Metzler, D.P., & Martincic, C.J. (1998). Explanatory mechanisms for intelligent tutoring systems. In International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 136-145). Cham: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-68716-5_19
Ouyang, F., & Jiao, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: The three paradigms. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100020.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100020
Popper, K.R., & Eccles, J.C. (1981), L'io e il suo cervello. Materia, coscienza e cultura. Roma: Armando Editore.
Pressey, S. (1960). A simple apparatus which gives tests and scores and teaches. In A.A. Lumsdane & R. Glaser (Eds.), Teaching machines and programmed learning. Washington, DC: N.E.A.
Riedl, M.O. (2019). Human-centered artificial intelligence and machine learning. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(1), 33-36.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.117
Ritter, S., Sinatra, A.M., & Fancsali, S.E. (2014). Personalized content in intelligent tutoring systems: Design recommendations for intelligent tutoring systems. In R. Sottilare, A. Grasser, X. Hu, & B. Goldberg, Design recommendations for intelligent tutoring systems, Vol. 2: Instructional management. Memphis: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
Shute, V.J. (1995). Smart: Student modeling approach for responsive tutoring. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, 5(1), 1-44.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01101800
Sleeman, D., & Brown, J.S. (Eds.). (1982). Intelligent tutoring systems. London: Academic Press.
Trinchero, R. (2021). Design intelligent tutoring systems with AI: Brain-based principles for learning effectiveness. In G. Panconesi & M. Guida (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching with virtual environments and AI (pp. 501-519). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7638-0.ch023
Trinchero, R. (2022). Penso dunque imparo. Guida al potenziamento cognitivo. Milano: Sanoma.
VanLehn, K. (2011). The relative effectiveness of human tutoring, intelligent tutoring systems and other tutoring systems. Educational Psychologist, 46, 197-221.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2011.611369
Yang, S.J., Ogata, H., Matsui, T., & Chen, N.S. (2021). Human-centered artificial intelligence in education: Seeing the invisible through the visible. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7358/ecps-2024-030-trir
Copyright (©) 2025 Roberto Trinchero – Editorial format and Graphical layout: copyright (©) LED Edizioni Universitarie

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Journal of Educational, Cultural and Psychological Studies (ECPS)
Registered by Tribunale di Milano (19/05/2010 n. 278)
Online ISSN 2037-7924 - Print ISSN 2037-7932
Research Laboratory on Didactics and Evaluation - Department of Education - "Roma Tre" University
Executive Editor: Gaetano Domenici - Associate Executive Editor & Managing Editor: Valeria Biasci
Editorial Board: Eleftheria Argyropoulou - Massimo Baldacci - Joao Barroso - Richard Bates - Christofer Bezzina - Paolo Bonaiuto - Lucia Boncori - Pietro Boscolo - Sara Bubb - Carlo Felice Casula - Jean-Émile Charlier - Lucia Chiappetta Cajola - Carmela Covato - Jean-Louis Derouet - Peter Early - Franco Frabboni - Constance Katz - James Levin - Pietro Lucisano - Roberto Maragliano - Romuald Normand - Michael Osborne - Donatella Palomba - Michele Pellerey - Clotilde Pontecorvo - Vitaly V. Rubtzov - Jaap Scheerens - Noah W. Sobe - Francesco Susi - Giuseppe Spadafora - Pat Thomson
Editorial Staff: Fabio Alivernini - Guido Benvenuto - Anna Maria Ciraci - Massimiliano Fiorucci - Luca Mallia - Massimo Margottini - Giovanni Moretti - Carla Roverselli
Editorial Secretary:Nazarena Patrizi
© 2001 LED Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto