Digital Well-Being as a New Kind of Adaptation to the New Millennium Needs: A State-of-the-Art Analysis
Abstract
Abstract
Since technology has been entering into human beings’ everyday life, individuals established a deep relationship with digital technology, thus an embodied link between people and digital instruments has been born. This is particularly evidenced by recent literature about screen time (duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television, smartphone, tablet or computer), it significantly influences different human beings’ dimensions: physical, psychological and neurological functions. Impact of digital technology on human beings can be considered as a result of syntonic functioning in order to improve different people’s life areas (e.g., work, social or intimate relationship, learning), while the dystonic relationship is evidenced as a result of human addiction to digital technology. The present study aims to provide a cognitive and social psychology perspective on how screen time is changing our existences, defining digital technology as a gift which people should be aware of in terms of positive but even negative consequences in everyday life.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Akinbinu, T. R., & Mashalla, Y. J. (2014). Impact of computer technology on health: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS). Medical Practice and Reviews, 5(3), 20-30.
Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality, Vol. 20. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Anderson, J. R. (1983). Knowledge compilation: The general learning mechanism. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach, Vol. 2 (pp. 289-310). Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann.
APA (2007). DSM (4th ed., text rev.). Milano: Elsevier Masson.
APA (2022). DSM-V-TR. Milano: Raffaello Cortina Editore.
Arzy, S., Overney, L. S., Landis, T., & Blanke, O. (2006). Neural mechanisms of embodiment: Asomatognosia due to premotor cortex damage. Archives of Neurology, 63, 1022-1025.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.7.1022
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994). Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50(1-3), 7-15.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
Blau, P. M. (1968). Social exchange. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 7(4), 452-457.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Disruption of affectional bonds and its effects on behavior. Canada's Mental Health Supplement, 59.
Buoncristiano, M., Spinelli, A., Williams, J., Nardone, P., Rito, A. I., García‐Solano, M., …, & Breda, J. (2021). Childhood overweight and obesity in Europe: Changes from 2007 to 2017. Obesity Reviews, 22, e13226.
https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13226
Camilleri, M. A., & Falzon, L. (2021). Understanding motivations to use online streaming services: Integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT). Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 25(2), 217-238.
https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2020-0074
Cantril, H. (1942). Professor quiz: A gratifications study. In P. F. Lazarsfeld & F. Stanton (Eds.), Radio research 1941 (pp. 34-45). New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce.
Chahal, H., Fung, C., Kuhle, S., & Veugelers, P. J. (2013). Availability and night‐time use of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children. Pediatric Obesity, 8(1), 42-51.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00085.x
Christensen, J. F. (2017). Pleasure junkies all around! Why it matters and why 'the arts' might be the answer: A biopsychological perspective. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1854), 20162837.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2837
Costa, M. R., Kim, S. Y., & Biocca, F. (2013). Embodiment and embodied cognition. In Virtual augmented and mixed reality: Designing and developing augmented and virtual environments. 5th International Conference, VAMR 2013, held as part of HCI International 2013, Las Vegas, NV, USA, July 21-26, 2013. Proceedings, Part I 5 (pp. 333-342). Berlin - Heidelberg: Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39405-8_37
De Preester, H. (2010). Postphenomenology, embodiment and technics: Don Ihde, postphenomenology and technoscience. The Peking University Lectures. State University of New York Press, Albany, 2009 and Embodied Technics. Automatic Press/VIP, 2010. Human Studies, 33: 339-345.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-010-9144-y
Dienlin, T., & Johannes, N. (2022). The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 135-142.
https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/tdienlin
Di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992). Understanding motor events: A neurophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research, 91, 176-180.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00230027
Finn, S. (1997). Origins of media exposure: Linking personality traits to TV, radio, print, and film use. Communication Research, 24, 507-529.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009365097024005003
Fodor, J. A. (1983a). Representations: Philosophical essays on the foundations of cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Fodor, J. A. (1983b). The modularity of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4737.001.0001
Galimberti, U. (2006). Psichiatria e fenomenologia, Vol. 4. Milano: Feltrinelli.
Galimberti, U. (2010). Dizionario di psicologia. Milano: il Mulino.
Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2014). In touch with the future: The sense of touch from cognitive neuroscience to virtual reality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644469.001.0001
Gefen, D., & Keil, M. (1998). The impact of developer responsiveness on perceptions of usefulness and ease of use: An extension of the technology acceptance model. Acm Sigmis Database: The Database for Advances in Information Systems, 29(2), 35-49.
https://doi.org/10.1145/298752.298757
Graffigna, G., Barello, S., Riva, G., Castelnuovo, G., Corbo, M., Coppola, L., …, & CCIPE Working Group (2017). Promozione del patient engagement in ambito clinico-assistenziale per le malattie croniche. Raccomandazioni dalla prima conferenza di consenso italiana. Recenti Progressi in Medicina, 108(11), 455-475.
Hardy, L. L., Mihrshahi, S., Drayton, B. A., & Bauman, A. E. (2017). NSW schools physical activity and nutrition survey (SPANS) 2015. Full Report. Sidney: NSW Department of Health.
Hartmann, G. W. (1936). Gestalt psychology: A survey of facts and principles. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 83(4), 492-494.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-193604000-00056
Hirshfield, L. M., Solovey, E. T., Girouard, A., Kebinger, J., Jacob, R. J., Sassaroli, A., & Fantini, S. (2009). Brain measurement for usability testing and adaptive interfaces: An example of uncovering syntactic workload with functional near infrared spectroscopy. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on human factors in computing systems, Boston, MA, USA, April 4-9, 2009 (pp. 2185-2194). New York: ACM.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1519035
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Honeycutt, J. M., & Bryan, S. P. (2011). Scripts and communication for relationships. New York: Peter Lang.
Hsieh, K. Y., Hsiao, R. C., Yang, Y. H., Lee, K. H., & Yen, C. F. (2019). Relationship between self-identity confusion and Internet addiction among college students: The mediating effects of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3225.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173225
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1985). Self-interest, science, and cynicism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3(1), 26-32.
https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1985.3.1.26
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2009). Expanding the mirror: Vicarious activity for actions, emotions, and sensations. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 19(6), 666-671.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2009.10.006
Klein, M., & Derrida, M. (1967). Essais de psychanalyse (1921-1945). Paris: Payot.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1987). The metaphorical logic of rape. Metaphor and Symbol, 2(1), 73-79.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms0201_5
Lakoff, G., Johnson, M., & Sowa, J. F. (1999). Review of philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought. Computational Linguistics, 25(4), 631-634.
Li, X., Buxton, O. M., Lee, S., Chang, A. M., Berger, L. M., & Hale, L. (2019). Sleep mediates the association between adolescent screen time and depressive symptoms. Sleep Medicine, 57, 51-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.029
Melges, F. T., & Bowlby, J. (1969). Types of hopelessness in psychopathological process. Archives of General Psychiatry, 20(6), 690-699.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740180074007
Mihrshahi, S., Gale, J., Drayton, B. A., Bauman, A., & Mitchell, J. (2017). 30-year trends in overweight, obesity and waist-to-height ratio by socioeconomic status in Australian children, 1985 to 2015. International Journal of Obesity, 41(1), 76-82.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.204
Mitchell, M. R., Weiss, V. G., Beas, B. S., Morgan, D., Bizon, J. L., & Setlow, B. (2014). Adolescent risk taking, cocaine self-administration, and striatal dopamine signaling. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(4), 955-962.
https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.295
Moseley, G. L., Gallace, A., & Spence, C. (2012). Bodily illusions in health and disease: Physiological and clinical perspectives and the concept of a cortical 'body matrix'. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(1), 34-46.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.013
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000). Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of Social Issues, 56(1), 81-103.
https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00153
Nightingale, C. M., Rudnicka, A. R., Donin, A. S., Sattar, N., Cook, D. G., Whincup, P. H., & Owen, C. G. (2017). Screen time is associated with adiposity and insulin resistance in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 102(7), 612-616.
https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2016-312016
O'regan, J. K., & Noë, A. (2001). A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(5), 939-973.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01000115
Parent, J., Sanders, W., & Forehand, R. (2016). Youth screen time and behavioral health problems: The role of sleep duration and disturbances. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics - JDBP, 37(4), 277.
https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000272
Parsons, T. D., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2017). Virtual reality for research in social neuroscience. Brain Sciences, 7(4), 42.
https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7040042
Pérez-Farinós, N., Villar-Villalba, C., López Sobaler, A. M., Dal Re Saavedra, M. Á., Aparicio, A., Santos Sanz, S., …, & Ortega Anta, R. M. (2017). The relationship between hours of sleep, screen time and frequency of food and drink consumption in Spain in the 2011 and 2013 ALADINO: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3962-4
Putnam, L. L. (1982). Paradigms for organizational communication research: An overview and synthesis. Western Journal of Communication (includes communication reports), 46(2), 192-206.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10570318209374077
Riva, G., Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Mantovani, F., & Gaggioli, A. (2016). Transforming experience: The potential of augmented reality and virtual reality for enhancing personal and clinical change. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 164.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00164
Rizzolatti, G., & Gentilucci, M. (1988). Motor and visual-motor functions of the premotor cortex. Neurobiology of Neocortex, 42, 269-284.
Ruggiero, A., & Vos, M. (2014). Social media monitoring for crisis communication: Process, methods and trends in the scientific literature. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 4(1).
https://doi.org/10.29333/ojcmt/2457
Salvatore, S., Fini, V., Mannarini, T., Veltri, G. A., Avdi, E., Battaglia, F., …, & Re.Cri.Re. Consortium (2018). Symbolic universes between present and future of Europe: First results of the map of European societies' cultural milieu. PloS One, 13(1), e0189885.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189885
Salvatore, S., Mannarini, T., Gennaro, A., Celia, G., De Dominicis, S., De Luca Picione, R., …, & Rocchi, G. (2023). The affective regulation of uncertainty: The Semiotic Dimensionality Model (SDM). Social Sciences, 12(4), 217.
https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040217
Salvatore, S., Ruggieri, R. A., Bucci, F., Cordella, B., Freda, M. F., Lombardo, C., …, & Zennaro, A. (2022). Compartmentalization and unity of professional psychology: A road map for the future of the discipline. Rivista di Psicologia Clinica, 1.
https://doi.org/10.3280/rpc1-2022oa14450
Scarr, S. (1985). A rapprochement of biology psychology and philosophy. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(1), 16-18.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00019427
Schank, R. C., & Abelson, R. P. (2013). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Psychology Press.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203781036
Scott, H., & Woods, H. (2016). Sleepyteens: Social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. Journal of Adolescence, 51, 41-49.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008
Shapiro, L. (2007). The embodied cognition research programme. Philosophy Compass, 2(2), 338-346.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2007.00064.x
Sirko, S., Behrendt, G., Johansson, P. A., Tripathi, P., Costa, M. R., Bek, S., …, & Götz, M. (2013). Reactive glia in the injured brain acquire stem cell properties in response to sonic hedgehog. Cell Stem Cell, 12(4), 426-439.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.019
Solovey, E. T., Girouard, A., Chauncey, K., Hirshfield, L. M., Sassaroli, A., Zheng, F., …, & Jacob, R. J. (2009). Using fNIRS brain sensing in realistic HCI settings: Experiments and guidelines. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual ACM Symposium on user interface software and technology, Victoria, BC, Canada, October 4-7, 2009 (pp. 157-166). New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
https://doi.org/10.1145/1622176.1622207
Staiano, A. E., Abraham, A. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2013). Adolescent exergame play for weight loss and psychosocial improvement: A controlled physical activity intervention. Obesity, 21(3), 598-601.
https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20282
Stanton, T. R., Leake, H. B., Chalmers, K. J., & Moseley, G. L. (2016). Evidence of impaired proprioception in chronic, idiopathic neck pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Physical Therapy, 96(6), 876-887.
https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20150241
Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(2), 211.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.2.211
Stern, D. N. (1999). Vitality contours: The temporal contour of feelings as a basic unit for constructing the infant's social experience. In P. Rochat (Ed.), Early social cognition: Understanding others in the first months of life (pp. 67-80). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Thibaut, J., & Walker, L. (1978). A theory of procedure. California Law Review, 66, 541-566.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3480099
Thomas, L. E., & Lleras, A. (2009). Swinging into thought: Directed movement guides insight in problem solving. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 719-723.
https://doi.org/10.3758/PBR.16.4.719
Thompson, N. A., & Weiss, D. A. (2011). A framework for the development of computerized adaptive tests. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 16(1), 1.
Tower, R. B., & Scarr, S. (1985). The measurement of three lifestyle values: Resourcefulness, responsibility and relationships to others. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 5(2), 167-189.
https://doi.org/10.2190/2CB2-77VE-2FK2-7K02
Üstün, T. B. (Ed.). (2010). Measuring health and disability: Manual for WHO disability assessment schedule WHODAS 2.0. Genève: World Health Organization.
Wang, W., Du, X., Guo, Y., Li, W., Zhang, S., Zhang, W., …, & Lu, C. (2021). Associations among screen time, sleep duration and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 284, 69-74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.082
Weiss, M. D., Baer, S., Allan, B. A., Saran, K., & Schibuk, H. (2011). The screens culture: Impact on ADHD. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders - ADHD, 3, 327-334.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-011-0065-z
Williams, L. E., & Bargh, J. A. (2008). Experiencing physical warmth promotes interpersonal warmth. Science, 322(5901), 606-607.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1162548
Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (1994). An introduction to mass media research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Woods, H. C., & Scott, H. (2019). Merging the biological and cognitive processes of sleep and screens. Current Sleep Medicine Reports, 5, 150-155.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40675-019-00149-8
Worchel, S., Cooper, J., & Rhodewalt, F. (1983). Study guide to accompany understanding social psychology. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
Sitografia
Google (2023). Digital wellbeing.
https://wellbeing.google
Statista (2023). Forecast number of mobile users worldwide from 2020 to 2025.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/218984/number-of-global-mobile-users-since-2010/
United States Census Bureau (2023). U.S. and World Population Clock.
https://www.census.gov/popclock/world
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7358/elementa-2023-0102-safa
Copyright (©) 2023 Alessandro De Santis, Stefania Fantinelli – Editorial format and Graphical layout: copyright (©) LED Edizioni Universitarie
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Announcements
Call for papers Vol 4 (2024) - No 1-2 - "Sustainability"
Authors have to read through the Information for Authors and the Author guidelines carefully before beginning the submission process.
- Deadline for paper submission: March 31, 2024 (philosophical essays) – July 25, 2024 (epistemological and pedagogical essays)
- Notification of paper acceptance: April 1, 2024 (philosophical essays) – July 27, 2024 (epistemological and pedagogical essays)
- Request for revision following peer review: April 15, 2024 (philosophical essays) – September 15, 2024 (epistemological and pedagogical essays)
- Deadline for revised version submission: April 30, 2024 (philosophical essays) – September 30, 2024 (epistemological and pedagogical essays
- Publication: June 30, 2024 (philosophical essays) – December 15, 2024 (epistemological and pedagogical essays)
Elementa. Intersections between Philosophy, Epistemology and Empirical Perspectives
Registered by Tribunale di Milano 2361/2021 (29/12/2021) - RG n. 16898/2021
Electronic edition ISSN 2785-4426 - Print edition ISSN 2785-4558
Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici - Università degli Studi di Foggia
Chief Editor: Paolo Ponzio
Editorial Board: Luigi Traetta (Co-chief editor) - Giusi Antonia Toto (Co-chief Editor) - Antonio Ascione - Oscar Barroso - Alessandra Beccarisi - Leonardo Carlucci - Marco Ceccarelli - Antonio Clericuzio - Antonio Criado - Jean-Paul De Lucca - Raffaele Di Fuccio - Davide Di Palma - Ricardo Espinoza Lolas - Costantino Esposito - Marco Forlivesi - Teun Koetsier - Francesco Marrone - Gilles Olivò - Carla Rita Palmerino - Pasquale Porro - Francesca Romana Recchia Luciani - Alessia Scarinci - Domenico Tafuri - Baichun Zhang.
Editorial Staff: Tommaso Sgarro (managing editor) - Lucia Borrelli - Marco di Furia - Federica Doronzo - Francesca Finestrone - Piergiorgio Guarini - Maria Anna Misuriello - Giuliana Nardacchione - Guendalina Peconio - Sara Perrella - Benedetta Ragni - Martina Rossi - Daniela Savino - Luigi Tateo.
© 2001 LED Edizioni Universitarie di Lettere Economia Diritto